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A new essay every morning

Data systems, explained visually.

Byte2MB is Priyansh Nigam’s daily newsletter on storage, databases, observability and research, with calculators for the size questions that come up in design reviews.

bytes

Decimal on the left, binary on the right. They differ by 7.4% at a gigabyte.

  1. B — — B
  2. KB — — KiB
  3. MB — — MiB
  4. GB — — GiB
  5. TB — — TiB

Unit board

SI decimal and IEC binary

  • 1 byte = 8 bits
  • 1 KB = 1,000 bytes
  • 1 KiB = 1,024 bytes
  • 1 MB = 1,000,000 bytes
  • 1 GB = 10^9 bytes, which is 1,000,000,000 bytes

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Tools

All tools

Photo resize in KB

Shrink a photo or signature to 20, 50 or 100 KB.

Target 20, 50, 100 or 200 KB

Image to 20 KB

Photo and signature, under 20 KB.

Photo or signature, under 20 KB

PDF to 200 KB

Shrink a PDF under 200 KB, no upload.

Any PDF, under 200 KB

Byte to MB

Bytes into megabytes, decimal and binary.

1,500,000 B → 1.5 MB

KB to MB

Divide by 1,000 or by 1,024.

1,536 KB → 1.536 MB

MB to GB

The 1,024 trap, labeled.

2,560 MB → 2.56 GB

Essays

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Data EngineeringTTL Explained: How Automatic Expiry Actually Deletes Your DataNOV 7, 2026Data EngineeringSmall Files and Too Many Parts: Why Batching Your Inserts MattersNOV 6, 2026Data EngineeringPredicate Pushdown and Partition Pruning: How Queries Skip 99% of Your DataNOV 5, 2026

Measured

Research

All research

Research notes will land here.